The gut microbiota, comprising trillions of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, is a crucial component of a healthy physiological ecosystem in humans, playing a vital role in numerous essential functions. It is unique in every individual and exhibits variability throughout different stages of life, influenced by both external and internal factors. Gut dysbiosis refers to changes in the composition of gut microbiota and metabolites, which have been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases. This could account for the development of cardiovascular diseases in humans even after controlling all modifiable risk factors. Targeting the gut microbiota may help reduce this residual risk. Although various interventions have been attempted to restore normal gut microbiota in gut dysbiosis, the majority of these have been tested in animal models and are still in early experimental stages.

Keywords: Gut microbiota; gut dysbiosis; trimethylamine N-oxide.